The Treasurer says his 'patent box' will boost innovation. The evidence says it won't

On budget night federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg announced Australia is getting its own “patent box”.

What is a patent box?

Despite its odd name, it is a relatively straightforward concept. It means lowering the tax rate^[1] on all income derived from patents registered in a nation. About half the members of the European Union, Britain and China are among those to adopt patent boxes in some form.

Australia’s patent box scheme will initially be limited to medical and biotechnology patents, but with scope to expand it down the track.

If a company has a drug patent, for example, the profit from selling that drug will be taxed at a rate of 17%, instead of the usual company tax rate (now 25% for companies with an annual turnover less than A$50 million and 30% for those with more).

In his budget speech^[2] Frydenberg cited world-leading Australian innovations such as Wi-Fi, the Cochlear bionic ear and a vaccine for cervical cancer. “We want to see more innovation commercialised in Australia,” he said.

Will the patent box help? The evidence from overseas is not promising.

Another race to the bottom

A 2015 European Commission report^[3] examined the effect of patent boxes on 2,000 companies in 12 countries from 2000 to 2011. It found the patent boxes benefited companies financially but had limited effect on increasing local research & development.

To take advantage of the lower tax rate, multinational companies filed more patents in these countries with patent boxes than previously. But they didn’t change the location of their research teams.

The European Commission report noted fears about patent boxes sparing another “race to the bottom” in corporate taxation, with nations competing to be more attractive to foreign companies. If one country had more preferential tax rates, it would attract more patent filings. If other nations followed suit, the only real beneficiaries would be the multinational corporations using the schemes to reduce their tax obligations “without a change in real research activity”

Its results, the report concluded, “confirm these fears”.

Read more: How to get the most out of research when universities and industry team up^[4]

Australian warnings

This all should be known to the Australian government.

A 2015 report^[5] from Australia’s Office of the Chief Economist came to a similar conclusion to the European Commission study.

Introducing a patent box might lead to more patents being filed in Australia, it said, but they would mostly be ones derived from research and development done overseas. It warned:

The most important cost associated with the implementation of a patent box regime is a fall in tax revenues collected from innovative companies. Since the fall is likely to exceed revenues collected from (re)allocation of IP income to Australia, the overall return of a patent box regime is likely to be negative.

IP Australia, the federal agency administering intellectual property rights, detailed the poor record of patent boxes in its submission to the federal parliament’s Inquiry into Australia’s Future in Research and Innovation^[6] in 2016. It said the literature on such schemes found little if any benefit for actual innovation, at great cost to taxpayers.

Read more: Money for telescopes and vaccines is great, but the budget's lack of basic science funding risks leaving Australia behind^[7]

Bad plan, bad design

On top of all this, Frydenberg’s proposed patent box is poorly targeted.

Ideally the subsidy should only apply to new patents - or better yet, new inventions. But the scheme will allow the lower tax rate on all patents, even if they were granted many years ago or are no longer owned by their original inventor.

This means in its first year alone the patent box is set to deliver a $100 million gift to companies sitting on old patents without any actual new innovation.

Even if you want to subsidise innovation, it makes zero sense to subsidise old patents. Other countries have avoided this pitfall by limiting the subsidy to new ones.

In short, a patent box is good in theory but bad in practice; and the design of the Australian government’s patent box is particularly bad. It will likely end up being just another way multinational companies can avoid paying tax.

References

1. ^{^} lowering the tax rate (www.industry.gov.au)
2. ^{^} his budget speech (joshfrydenberg.com.au)
3. ^{^} European Commission report (ec.europa.eu)
4. ^{^} How to get the most out of research when universities and industry team up (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} 2015 report (www.industry.gov.au)
6. ^{^} Inquiry into Australia’s Future in Research and Innovation (www.aph.gov.au)
7. ^{^} Money for telescopes and vaccines is great, but the budget's lack of basic science funding risks leaving Australia behind (theconversation.com)